Holding Costs Guide

Inventory holding costs are a common fee businesses incur when storing inventory in a warehouse. 

In this article, you’ll learn which types of storage solutions come with inventory holding costs, how to calculate your inventory holding costs, and tips for finding a warehousing solution that is most cost-effective for your needs.

So, what do you want to learn?

• What are inventory holding costs?
• How to calculate your inventory holding cost
• Where you’ll encounter holding costs
• How much are holding costs on average?
• 6 tips to reduce holding costs
• What does fair holding cost pricing look like?
• Improve inventory management with ShipBob
• Inventory holding cost FAQs

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What are inventory holding costs?

Inventory holding costs are the sum of all costs involved in storing unsold inventory.  Inventory holding costs are calculated as part of the total inventory costs within a single supply chain.  Costs include warehousing, insurance, labour, transportation, depreciation, inventory shrinkage, damaged or spoiled inventory, obsolescence, and opportunity costs.

How to calculate your inventory holding cost

There are various ways one can think about and calculate inventory holding cost. We’ll walk through both simple and detailed conceptions of inventory holding costs, and examples of each.

Simple storage costs

The simplest conception of inventory holding cost is that it is just the cost of holding inventory. While this is an oversimplification and doesn’t quite capture the whole picture, it does provide a useful starting point for merchants, and can help you think about inventory expenses in new ways.

Example

A business outsources to a 3PL for storage, paying a fee for every bin, shelf, and pallet that that is used for their inventory. 

Those storage costs would qualify as inventory holding costs. In this case, inventory holding costs would be extremely easy to calculate (as they would be equal to the storage fees paid to the 3PL).  

A different business handles their own warehousing, and pays expenses such as rent, utilities, insurance, security, labour, and racking structures themselves. 

In this case, those expenses would also be considered inventory holding costs. However, calculating holding costs in this case is trickier; if, for instance, only a certain amount of square footage in a warehouse is devoted to storage (while some space is used for offices, break rooms, etc.), rent for that space would not be considered part of the holding costs.  

Detailed holding costs

A more detailed way of calculating inventory holding costs is through a formula that factors in storage, employee, opportunity, and depreciation costs.

Together, the holding cost formula ends up expressed as a percentage of the total value of your inventory, and looks like this: 

Inventory Holding Cost = (Storage costs + Employee salaries + Opportunity costs + Depreciation costs) / Total value of annual inventory

• Storage costs include all costs associated with physically storing your inventory, such as warehousing or storage rent, utilities, and insurance.
• Employee costs mainly consist of salaries or wages for warehouse employees who maintain the building, manage and audit inventory, and fulfil orders.
• Opportunity costs are intangible, and represent the cost of holding dead stock instead of other, more profitable products. 
• Depreciation costs, also intangible, are the costs incurred as your inventory’s value naturally depreciates over time, and as products become progressively obsolete.

Calculate those subtotals, add them together, and then divide that sum by the total value of your annual inventory (the combined average value of all inventory that you move in a year).

That number, when expressed as a percentage, is your inventory holding cost.

Example

An art supply store sells three different products: paint brushes, easels, and canvases. Over the last year, the business held 100 units of each product, adding up to 300 units in total inventory. The business wants to calculate their inventory holding cost for the past year. 

First, the business looks over its records and discovers the following:

• Annual inventory value: $100,000 
• Storage costs (rent, utilities, and insurance): $20,000
• Employee costs (employee wages): $30,000

Next, the business must calculate its opportunity cost — or, in other words, the amount of money they could have made if they had gone through an alternate scenario. By the end of the year, the business sold through all 100 units of each product, making $100,000 in revenue; but while the easels barely sold out in time, the canvases (their most popular product) were already on backorder for the next year. If the business had optimised their inventory to carry 100 brushes, 50 easels, and 150 canvases, they could have made $115,000. Therefore, the art store’s opportunity cost is calculated as follows:

Opportunity cost = Return from unchosen scenario – Return from chosen scenario

Opportunity cost = $115,000 – $100,000 

Opportunity cost = $15,000

Then, depreciation must be calculated. The art store determines that this past year, their inventory cost $40,000 to make and had a lifespan of 2 years. The salvageable cost at the end of those 2 years would be 20,000. With this information, they calculate inventory depreciation like so:

Depreciation = (Cost to make goods – Salvageable value) / Inventory lifespan

Depreciation = ($40,000 – $20,000) /  2       

Depreciation = $20,000 / 2

Depreciation = $10,000

Finally, having all the necessary data, the art store can calculate its inventory holding cost for the past year:

Inventory holding cost = (Storage costs + Employee salaries + Opportunity costs + Depreciation costs) / Total value of annual inventory

Inventory holding cost = ($20,000 + $30,000 + $15,000 + $10,000) / $100,000

Inventory holding cost = .75, or 75%

In this case, the art store’s inventory holding cost is extremely high. Typically, inventory holding costs should only be equal to about 20-30% of your inventory’s annual value. 

With this in mind, the art store should consider ways to lower their inventory holding costs, such as better forecasting demand, cutting back on unnecessary warehousing space, or outsourcing to a 3PL for help managing inventory. 

Where you’ll encounter holding costs

Running your business out of a garage, living room, or basement temporarily keeps your holding costs to a minimum, as you’re utilising space that’s already at your disposal.

But once your business and inventory outgrow the space you have at home, you should be prepared to increase holding costs that are a part of most other core to most inventory storage options.

Here are three common storage solutions for ecommerce warehousing that involve holding costs.

Warehouses

Warehouses are large storage spaces (typically at least 1,000 square feet) that business owners can lease, buy, or build for the purpose of storing their inventory.

Depending on what kind of inventory you stock, you might need a warehouse with special features like temperature control that will likely increase your holding costs.

Storage units or facilities

When you can’t fit your products in your house any longer, temporary storage units can be rented or bought to hold inventory.

Though they are typically much smaller than warehouses, individual storage containers or units in a special storage facility are suitable options for companies growing quickly, or those that are in the middle of a transition.

Fulfilment centres

Fulfilment centres are physical locations in which a third-party logistics (3PL) company or professional logistics service provider actively fulfils orders for the businesses they partner with.

They are designed to house all aspects of the order fulfilment process, and are not limited to storage only. 

It is important to note that a fulfilment centre is not the same as an on-demand warehousing solution, or a marketplace that matches empty, available warehouse space to businesses that need a short-term storage option.

Instead, fulfilment centres are managed by a single operator that not only stores a business’s inventory for them, but also picks, packs, and ships their orders in a consistent manner (even across multiple locations using the same technology, processes, SLAs, and support). 

How much are holding costs on average?

In general, holding costs usually make up 20%-30% of a business’s total cost of inventory, with the other 70%-80% consisting of cost of goods sold and ordering cost.

Holding costs can vary greatly depending on different factors, such as:

• The location of the warehouse (whether it’s in an urban or rural area)
• The size of the products being stored (it may be more expensive to store large or even heavy items compared to small items)
• The number of SKUs you sell (the more products you sell, the more storage you need and higher costs you’ll have)
• The number of units you have to store (if it’s a year’s worth of inventory or a month’s worth)
• How quickly inventory turns over or sells through (if it’s a hot-seller that’s only briefly in the warehouse or a slow-mover that collects dust)
• The type of orders you have (DTC with few units per order or B2B that requires high pallet storage)
• Whether the facility is purely for storage or offers other services for a premium

6 tips to reduce holding costs

You calculate your inventory holding costs, and realise they’re way too high — what do you do next? Here are a few best practices to implement in your ecommerce business that can help you lower your inventory holding costs.

1. Optimise inventory levels to avoid overstocks

Having too much of a particular SKU can drive your business’s holding costs through the roof, and drive your profitability down. Ideally, your business should hold enough inventory to meet customer demand, and enough safety stock to tide you over until you replenish, but not so much that you’re left with deadstock.  

To avoid overstocking, you’ll need to optimise your inventory levels. Try:

• Calculating safety stock levels, economic order quantities (EOQs), and reorder points for each SKU, so that you don’t accidentally reorder inventory too early.
• Improving your demand forecasting technique, so that you stock more of high-demand products and less of unpopular ones.
• Adopting an inventory management system (or IMS) that tracks your inventory’s movement through the supply chain, and that provides visibility into holding costs, inventory turnover, and sales trends. 

2. Get rid of dead stock

Dead stock (inventory that is obsolete, expired, defective, or otherwise unsellable) is a common culprit of inflated holding costs. Moving it out of your warehouse is essential to reducing storage costs, and will make room for more profitable inventory. 

If possible, try getting rid of deadstock in a way that allows you to recoup some of your loss. Putting deadstock items on sale or bundling them with popular items earns back part of your initial investment, and including them as a free gift in an order at least adds delight and value to the customer’s unboxing experience. 

Alternatively, you can donate deadstock to charity for an inventory write-off. 

3. Reduce inventory turnover times

Keeping inventory moving through your supply chain is key to minimising holding costs. Besides stocking up on products that have traditionally had high turnover (and carrying fewer slow-moving products), you can also try purchasing smaller quantities of stock more frequently to facilitate more turnover. 

If turnover is slow due to a lag in sales, offering promotions and deals is a good way to spark new interest and move out older inventory. 

4. Improve warehouse space usage practices

High holding costs may just be a result of poorly managed warehouse space. By reorganising your warehouse layout for maximum spatial efficiency, you may be able to reduce the amount of square footage you have to rent. 

Research different inventory storage models and warehouse racking systems that make sense for your inventory, and see if you can redesign your inventory storage to optimise your space. 

Make sure you keep warehouse workflows, workstations, and picking efficiency top-of-mid throughout this process, as you want a storage system that streamlines warehouse operations, rather than complicating them. 

You can also outsource to a logistics provider to get access to expertly organised warehouses in strategic locations, and ditch purchasing and managing your own warehouse altogether.  

5. Automate inventory/warehouse management

More often than not, holding costs are high because humans are forgetful: you might forget about inventory taking up shelf space, forget to perform warehouse audits, or forget when you last reordered inventory (leading you to overstock). 

Implementing automations within your supply chain can help you keep on top of your inventory management, and even increase efficiency and order accuracy. Consider investing in an IMS or WMS that include automations allowing you to: 

• Receive reminders when a SKU hits its reorder point
• Track inventory from receiving to storage to fulfilment, and update inventory counts instantly
• Process orders and send them to the most strategically located fulfilment location with the necessary stock
• Optimise picking routes to minimise picking errors and increase fulfilment speed   

6. Find a fair inventory storage solution

Optimising your holdings costs can be a long process, and may not be the most effective use of your time. 

Outsourcing inventory storage and warehousing to a logistics service provider like ShipBob provides a massive shortcut to scalable storage, and is often a more cost-effective solution than purchasing and running your own warehouse. 

Depending on your price range, a 3PL provider can also provide value adds beyond storage, such as easy-to-use software and analytics tools, ready-made integrations with your existing tech stack, inventory distribution capabilities, and more.  

What does fair holding cost pricing look like?

Finding an inventory storage solution that comes with fair holding costs is essential to your business’s long-term profitability, but the cheapest storage solution won’t always be the best for your business. In other words, what’s best for one business will be different for another.

You must take several factors into consideration before committing to a storage solution, so be sure you consider these crucial features when evaluating a warehousing or storage service. 

No hidden fees

If you work with a warehouse or distribution center where you find a new type of fee added every month, you may want to look elsewhere. These fees eat into your business’s bottom line and only expand as your inventory multiplies, so find a partner whose pricing is transparent from the very beginning.

For example, a leading ecommerce fulfilment company with fulfilment centres across the globe, in ShipBob’s pricing structure, there are no surprise costs or hidden fees. You pay:

• A set monthly charge for each pallet, shelf, or bin to store each product 
• A single flat rate for receiving inventory
• A single fulfilment cost per order that includes picking, packing, packaging materials, the shipping label, and tracking once it’s in the carrier’s hand). 

Only pay for storage you use

Many businesses overpay for storage they don’t need, unnecessarily inflating their inventory holding costs. Consider this if you run your own warehouse:

• You will likely over-pay for holding costs at the beginning as it will take time to grow into the warehouse and it’s a continuous fixed cost rather than a variable pay-as-you-go cost.
• Then, once you outgrow that space and need to expand into a larger warehouse, you’ll need to pay more for a larger storage space but also get new racks, equipment, and other infrastructure to utilise the bigger space. 

With a global logistics platform like ShipBob, you not only get our best-in-class technology and fulfilment services but:

• You only pay for what you use, even as volume fluctuates throughout the year or as you expand your product lines.
• Our staff is trained to store your goods in as small a space as possible so that your storage is both efficient and cost-effective.
• You are sent a detailed line item of every storage fee billed to their account for a transparent look at storage costs.
• You get access to analytics with detailed breakdowns of your average cost per unit stored, average units on hand, and other metrics related to warehousing costs.

Read how one $20 million brand scaled fulfilment from their own large warehouse to ShipBob.

Insights into demand planning for accurate inventory purchasing

Businesses have a couple options when it comes to purchasing or production inventory:

• Purchase a bulk quantity of inventory, pay high holding costs until they sell through it, and risk not being able to sell it all or have products expire or become obsolete.
• Purchase smaller batches of inventory to lower holding costs, reduce risk, and order more in time before they face stockout costs.

To do the second option, businesses must understand demand forecasting so they can accurately anticipate which inventory items they’ll need, when, and where, to help to minimise inventory holding costs. They need to calculate economic order quantity (using the EOQ formula) to lower holding costs in the future. 

With ShipBob’s integrated software for order and inventory management, you can view inventory levels, track historical sales data, receive inventory reports on trends, optimise storage locations to further reduce costs, and much more. 

Improve inventory management with ShipBob

At ShipBob, we strive to keep holding costs low for our customers by optimising their inventory management through technology.

You will have access to a single, intuitive platform designed to provide real-time visibility into your retail supply chain, so that you can track your inventory levels and avoid unnecessary overstocking. 

ShipBob’s technology also lets you: 

• Set reorder point notifications for each SKU.
• Automatically get notified when stock is low and report on trends to help accurately forecast inventory. 
• Access insights in our free analytics tool so you can see your average cost per unit, fulfilment KPIs, shipping performance, logistics costs, and other inventory allocation tools that help you answer critical questions and better manage your inventory. 

To request a fulfilment quote from ShipBob to see if we’d be a good fit for your business, click the button below.

Inventory holding cost FAQs

Inventory holding cost is not the most exciting concept, but understanding it is critical to your business’s profitability. To help you cut to the chase, here are our answers to some of the most common questions about holding costs.